Forum 3, rape and sexual violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forum 3, rape and sexual violence - Essay Example Inger Skjelsbaek (2006) in her research, narrates the story of a woman who was raped during the Bosnian war. Danira was raped during the war more than a hundred times over, she was raped by military personnel and by groups of them (Skjelsbaek, 2006). She states that they were never the same men and hated the Muslim women (Skjelsbaek, 2006). Danira asked them to kill her as she did not want to go back to her family after going through the ordeal (Skjelsbaek, 2006). The Military personnel who raped her and many others with her, were not held accountable for the war crimes and did not undergo any punishment whatsoever. Despite the fact that rape is held prohibited under the ‘Geneva convention’; committing rape during war is a crime punishable by death or under the ‘Article 120 of the American Uniform Code of Military Justice’ the perpetrator can be imprisoned (Stuhldreher, 1994). Rape cases during war go unpunished due to two main reasons; first for not being reported and secondly for rape being treated as a war weapon (Swiss & Giller, 1993; Keith, 1997). Recently female army personnel being raped by their colleagues or seniors has become an ‘occupational hazards’ with a drastic increase in the number of occurrences (Meleis, 2013). Statistics in the documentary ‘The Invisible War’, reveal that females serving in the military in the war zones of Iraq and Afghanistan are less likely to be killed in battle and more likely to be raped by a military colleague (Meleis, 2013). Almost 20, 000 people in service are each year raped or sexually assaulted and the victimizers manage to get away with it (Kitfield, 2012). In 2011, 883 cases in the marines and Navy were reported for sexual assault and for the army the number was 1,695 (Wilkinson & Hirschkorn, 2013). Not only women but also men suffer at the hands of the sexual victimization. The number of men being treated for Military Sexual Trauma is above

Law AS - causation model answer Essay Example for Free

Law AS causation model answer Essay There are two types of causation which are necessary to establish criminal liability. These are factual causation and cause in law (also known as legal causation). Factual causation means that the defendant can only be found guilty if the consequence would not have happened ‘but for’ the defendant’s conduct. This was seen in the case of Pagett (1982). Similarly, a defendant cannot be found guilty if the victim’s death was unrelated to the defendant’s actions (as in White, 1910). Legal causation, where the actions of D must be found to have caused the consequence, can be established as long as the ‘chain of causation’ (between the act and the consequence) has not been broken. There are a number of ways in which this chain can be broken,: Firstly, through the act of a third party, an example of which is medical treatment that is deemed to be ‘palpably wrong’ such as that seen in Jordan (1956); Secondly, where the victim’s own act is so daft as to not be reasonably expected, as seen in Williams (1992); Finally, as a result of a natural but unpredictable event, such as a flood or an earthquake. Despite external factors, the chain of causation is not deemed to have been broken as long as the D’s actions are more than a ‘minimal’ cause of the consequence. Similarly, the defendant must also take the defendant as they find them. This is known as the ‘thin skull rule’ (as seen in Blaue 1975), meaning that there is legal causation even if D’s actions would not have caused those consequences in a regular or normal person.

Womens Marital Rights in Thomas Hardys The Woodlanders :: Hardy Woodlanders Essays

Women's Marital Rights in Thomas Hardy's The Woodlanders Thomas Hardy's novels focus on the difficulties of relationships between men and women, especially married men and women. In his preface to The Woodlanders, Hardy poses the question of "given the man and woman, how to find a basis for their sexual relation" (Hardy 39). With this in mind, the reader meets Grace Melbury, a young woman of marrying age, who is betrothed by circumstances beyond her control, to a man named Giles Winterbourne. When the young and mysterious doctor, Edred Fitzpiers catches Grace's eye, Hardy's question of sexual compatibilities is addressed. Grace and Fitzpiers find themselves mutually attracted to one another, and Giles loses Grace's affection. In time, Grace and Fitzpiers are married. Yet this union is soon challenged by Fitzpiers secret affair with the powerful Felice Charmond. Grace learns of Edred's adultery, and is angered and humiliated. With the prompting of her father, Grace is forced to evaluate her marriage. At this time, they hear about the so-called "new law", which would possibly allow for her to divorce Fitzpiers, and re-engage in her courtship with Winterbourne. This law in question, The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes act of 1857, proves not to be a solution to Grace's dilemma. Prior to the Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857, divorce in England was regulated by the Ecclesiastical Courts. Marriage was a permanent state of being for the most part. The Church granted divorces only with the addition of a private act of Parliament, an extensive and costly procedure; therefore, before 1857, only the very wealthy had access to marital termination. The Act of 1857 created the Probate and Divorce Court in London. The law allowed a man to divorce his wife for adultery, but a woman's request for a divorce would only be granted if her husband practiced cruelty, bigamy, incest, and/or bestiality along with adultery. Women could obtain a separation for desertion of more than two years, as well as adultery or cruelty. A deserted wife could also apply for rights of her own property, something not completely legal until 1870. If a woman could not afford the expenses of a divorce procedure, she could only be granted a separation from her husband. Although a good firs t step, this law still held many limitations for women. The Married Women's Property Acts of 1870 and 1882 favored women's marital rights.

Biometrics :: essays research papers

Biometrics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Biometrics is â€Å"a branch of biology that studies biological phenomena and observations by means of statistical analysis† (Dictionary.com WordNet  ® 2.0,  © 2003 Princeton University). In other words Biometrics is the study of the human body natural identification, now a days corporations use biometrics instead of a simple code. Also police and other federal and worldwide associations use biometrics to stop criminals and to keep track of where criminals are and who they really are. Biometrics has been around for hundreds upon hundreds of years, from when the Chinese first used it to identify children with footprints, to the more advanced salinity recognition that has been developed for today. The use of Biometrics and the technologies that have come from it has made security much more advanced, but it’s getting to the point that maybe even the technology of Biometrics is intruding our privacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of the first known cases of humans using biometrics to identify one another was by early Chinese merchants. Joao Barros, wrote that the Chinese merchants used the first noted form of biometrics by stamping children’s palm and footprints on paper with ink. By doing this, the Chinese solved a way to tell apart young children from one another. This is one of the earlier of not the first noted case of the use of Biometrics; it is still used today when children are born. Though biometrics has been used throughout the world it never became a popular practice until a man named Alphonse Bertillion decided to fix the problem of identifying convicted criminals. The problem with identifying criminals that were captured again was that the criminals often gave different aliases each time they were arrested. This would keep them from receiving the larger sentence for being a repeat offender. He realized that even if a criminal changed his name, cut his hair or put on weight, certain elements of the body wouldn’t change. This led him to form a method of measuring the more noticeable parts of a person’s body, the parts of the body that never changed during their life such as the size of the skull or the length of their fingers. This system was called anthropometrical signalment and was very basic in its accomplishment. Whenever a person was arrested they were sent through a series of tests that recorded the length and distinguishable marks of thei r bodies. This was all recorded on a card and filed away in groups with similar test results.

Bear Stearns Collapse Timeline Essay

This week five years ago, JP Morgan announced it would buy Wall Street rival Bear Stearns in a deal worth $2 a share – this ultimately rose to $10. Here, Financial News looks at the events in the run-up to the fall of the 85-year old independent investment bank. Financial News compiled the timeline from press releases, contemporary media reports and William D Cohan’s account of the collapse of the bank, ‘House of Cards’. May 21, 2007 After months of growing instability in the US sub-prime mortgage market, Bear Stearns chairman Alan ‘Ace’ Greenberg offers reassurances that the firm, heavily exposed to the market, is on top of things. â€Å"The sub-prime (issue) has been blown completely out of proportion,† he says, in comments reported by Dow Jones Newswires. Mid-June 2007 Serious problems become apparent at two Bear Sterns hedge funds with a high exposure to sub-prime mortgages. Investors in the High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage Fund, which managed $600m, are informed that the fund has lost 23% of its value over the year to April, reports The Wall Street Journal. The fund begins a fire-sale to minimise exposures. After the failure of a mooted rescue plan involving support from lenders, a new rescue scheme is announced by Bear Stearns, which offers $3. 2bn for a bailout of a second fund – the High Grade Structured Credit Fund. The bank previously had only $45m invested in this fund’s equity, according to William D Cohan in House of Cards’. Bear Stearns later says it is providing $1. 6bn to the fund rather than the original $3. 2bn, citing the sale of assets. A decision is made not to rescue the High-Grade Structured Credit Strategies Enhanced Leverage Fund, according to Cohan. August 3, 2007 Standard & Poor’s downgrades the bank’s outlook to negative. The bank says that concerns over its situation are â€Å"unwarranted† as the hedge fund fallout represented â€Å"isolated incidents† and â€Å"by no means a broader indication† of the bank’s performance, according to The Wall Street Journal. August 5, 2007 Bear Stearns president and co-chief operating officer Warren Spector resigns from the bank. Alan Schwartz is confirmed as sole president. Days later, the Associated Press reports that the bank sends letters to clients reassuring them of its financial position. September 10, 2007 British billionaire Joseph Lewis expresses his confidence in the future of the bank by acquiring a 7% stake, becoming one of the largest shareholders. October 5, 2007 Federal prosecutors launch an investigation into the collapse of the Bear Stearns hedge funds. November/December 2007 Chief financial officer Sam Molinaro says that the bank has been â€Å"very conservative and aggressive† in its revaluations, according to Dow Jones Newswires. On December 10, MarketWatch reports that the bank has written down $1. 9bn related to mortgage exposure. January 8, 2008 Chief executive Jimmy Cayne steps down after widespread criticism of his hands-off response to the events of the previous year. He remains as chairman. He is replaced at the top by Alan Schwartz. In the same month, the bank announces the closure of a third fund, the Bear Stearns Asset Backed Securities Fund. Bloomberg reports that this fund has suffered a decline of 39% of its value over a year. February, 2008 Hedge fund Peloton Partners, run by Goldman alumnus Ron Beller, collapses following its exposure to asset-backed securities. March 2008 Carlyle Capital, a hedge fund based in Amsterdam, collapses as concerns over exposures to mortgages begin to multiply, causing a squeeze on lines of funding. By March 5, insurance premiums on Bear Stearns debt have risen from $50,000 per $10m of debt at the beginning of 2005 to $350,000 per $10m debt, according to William D Cohan. It soon reaches $700,000. Monday, March 10, 2008 The company’s stock falls 11% to its lowest level in five years following a Moody’s downgrade of portions of its mortgage bond holdings, writes Cohan. The bank denies rumours that it is in trouble. Investors look for ways to bet on further falls in the bank’s stock. Tuesday, March 11, 2008 ING Groep, the Dutch bank, cancels $500m of short-term funding for Bear Stearns, according to The Wall Street Journal, following an example set by Rabobank. According to a press release, the Federal Reserve announces an unprecedented lending facility in which collateral can be exchanged for funding, but the scheme cannot be accessed until March 27. In another important incident, cited by Cohen in ‘House of Cards’, Goldman Sachs refuses to stand in for Hayman Capital in a trade with Bear Stearns, suggesting hemorrhaging confidence among major financial players. Wednesday. March 12, 2008 Overnight markets for funding begin to dry up, while institutions continue to deny short-term lending to Bear Stearns. Hedge funds and other investors continue in their attempts to extract their money from Bear Stearns, which is rapidly approaching a funding crisis. Thursday, March 13, 2008. As customers continue to withdraw funds, the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Federal Reserve begin discussions on the crisis. In a meeting on Thursday night, reported by Cohen, it is discovered that outgoings at the firm can no longer be maintained, with the firm effectively running out of cash during the afternoon. Lawyers are summoned to discuss the options for bankruptcy, while a deal with JP Morgan Chase is sought. After late night negotiations, JP Morgan agrees in conjunction with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York that it will provide secured funding to Bear Sterns for an initial period of up to 28 days. Friday, March 14, 2008 The cobbled-together deal fails to assuage the markets. Investors continue to pull money from the bank over the course of the day. By the evening, it is clear that a solution will have to be devised over the weekend if the bank is to survive. Saturday, March 15- Sunday, March 16, 2008 JP Morgan says it cannot do a deal without support from the Federal Reserve, due to the large number of toxic securities on the books of Bear Stearns. In response, the Fed approves a loan of $30bn saying that it is necessary to avoid â€Å"serious disruptions in the financial markets†. JP Morgan offers just $2 per share for the bank, a large loss for those whose stock was worth $30 on Friday, $60 the week before and over $150 a year before. Bondholders will be rescued by the deal, which is accepted by the board of Bear Stearns on Sunday morning. Wrangles with JP Morgan over a contract situation – which potentially leaves the bank liable for funding Bear Stearns without claiming full ownership – result in brinkmanship from Bear Sterns. A final price of $10 per share is agreed, with a value of $1. 45bn attached to the equity. March 25 Bear Stearns chief executive Jimmy Cayne and his wife sell 5. 66 million shares in the bank for $61. 34m, which, according to Cohan, represented a $1bn loss on the bank’s stock. May 29 The final Bear Stearns shareholder meeting takes place, at which former CEO Cayne speaks of his sadness at the firm’s demise, according to The Wall Street Journal, citing guests present.

Jackie Roosevelt Robinson

Jackie Roosevelt Robinson was born on January 31, 1919, in a small town of Cairo, Georgia, to a family of sharecroppers. Jackies mother, Mallie Robinson, single handedly raised him and his four siblings. They later moved to Pasadena, California, where they encountered much racial discrimination. They were the only black family living on the block at that time so Jackie did not have a very pleasant childhood. He had no friends and never went out into the neighborhood. He grew up excelling in many different sports though, such as: football, basketball, baseball, and track. He went to high school at John Muir Technical High and played all four sports there. He then went on to college at University of California at Los Angeles or better known as UCLA. At UCLA he was the first athlete to be on four varsity teams. In 1941 he made the All-American football team. After college, he became a professional football player for the Los Angeles Bulldogs. He then enlisted in the ! U.S. Army due to financial pressure on his family. He eventually became a second lieutenant. Not long after that, Jackie was court-marshaled for speaking out on racial discrimination. He then was given an honorable discharge. In 1945, Jackie played in the Negro Leagues of baseball. He traveled all over America with the Kansas City Monarchs. He and his friends, Satchel Paige and Josh Gibson, heard about a man who was trying to integrate baseball. Jackie never thought that the man, Branch Rickey, would choose him. Jackie started his professional baseball career with the Dodgers. By the end of his first season with the dodgers he had married his love, Rachel Isum, had gotten 12 homeruns, 29 steals, and a .297 batting average, which means that every ONE-THOUSAND times he batted he got a hit 297 times. He also got the Rookie of the Year Award, given to the rookie with the best statistics. In 1949, he was selected as the National League Most Val...

Free Essays on Problems At Pfizer

There are quite a few factors that are related to the success of Pfizer. First of all, the pain market is continuing to go through a period of sustained growth which is buoyed by a number of new product launches. This could be because of the fact that the pain market has increased by $17 billion in 2001 and is expected to grow to $25 billion by 2010. The growth has been led by their sales of COX-II inhibitors and opioids. Since the market is expected to grow, this will present opportunities in many different drug classes. Pfizer will continue to dominate the pain market over the forecasted period, as the introduction of their second-generation drugs will strengthen their already dominant position. Pfizer recognizes leadership as a core company value. In fact, Pfizer said a strong leadership platform, combined with the dedication and support of all its employees, were the key factors in determining the company’s strong placing in the rankings. Despite the facts that there are many factors that created success to Pfizer, there are also some challenges along the road. In order to maintain their dominant market position Pfizer will have to seek out niche areas of the patient population. This will ensure that Pfizer will need to develop ever more sophisticated growth strategies that reach niche sectors of the patient population. Patent expirations and challenges also could affect sales starting next year. Pfizer's success in producing new drugs has been spotty, and prescription growth on some of its top-selling drugs is slowing at a time when competition is expected to increase.... Free Essays on Problems At Pfizer Free Essays on Problems At Pfizer There are quite a few factors that are related to the success of Pfizer. First of all, the pain market is continuing to go through a period of sustained growth which is buoyed by a number of new product launches. This could be because of the fact that the pain market has increased by $17 billion in 2001 and is expected to grow to $25 billion by 2010. The growth has been led by their sales of COX-II inhibitors and opioids. Since the market is expected to grow, this will present opportunities in many different drug classes. Pfizer will continue to dominate the pain market over the forecasted period, as the introduction of their second-generation drugs will strengthen their already dominant position. Pfizer recognizes leadership as a core company value. In fact, Pfizer said a strong leadership platform, combined with the dedication and support of all its employees, were the key factors in determining the company’s strong placing in the rankings. Despite the facts that there are many factors that created success to Pfizer, there are also some challenges along the road. In order to maintain their dominant market position Pfizer will have to seek out niche areas of the patient population. This will ensure that Pfizer will need to develop ever more sophisticated growth strategies that reach niche sectors of the patient population. Patent expirations and challenges also could affect sales starting next year. Pfizer's success in producing new drugs has been spotty, and prescription growth on some of its top-selling drugs is slowing at a time when competition is expected to increase....

Should Capital Punishment be Aboloshed essays

Should Capital Punishment be Aboloshed essays With the passage of time there has been softening of Penal Cod. Not long ago death penalty was inflicted fron numerous offences. In England death by hanging was a legal punishment for no less than two hundred offences, even for such minor offences as stealing a sheep, poaching or pick-pocketing. With the dawn of modern civilization a realization has dawned upon the people that severity of punishment is a relic of barbarism. It was Sir Robert Peele, the British Home Secretary, who revised the Penal Code in 1923 and slashed the number of capital offences to only two: murder and treason. In countries like Holland and Italy capital punishment has been abolished altogether. In France and Belgium it ha not been enforced over the last so many years. The main argument of those countries which have abolished it or ontend to do so, is that it is irrevocable.No judge, howsoever honest or conscientious he may be, can claim to be infallible. Terrible blunders are likely to be committed by even the most seasoned judges in sensitive cases like murder or treason. The alleged culprits have been condemned to death and executed, whi afterwards, but too late, proved to be innocent. If life-imprisonment had been awarded for murder, the victims of these miscarriages of justice, could, at any rate, have been released and compensated for wrongful conviction. But nothing can be done when the convicted person has been hanged. There are some people who hold that the abolition of capital punishment would encourage the criminals to commit murders with impunity. The softening of the penal code would lead to an increase in the incidence of crime. But the crime situation in Italy and Belgium where death penalty has been done away with is rather on the decline. Indeed over-severity has often increased crime by marking criminals desperate. Those who are in favour of retaining capital punishment say that the death penalty is logical outcome of a henious crime li ...

Heat and the Kinetic theory of matter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Heat and the Kinetic theory of matter - Essay Example From the very basics of what employs the chemical subject, it is imperative that all chemistry students develop a deep understanding of what is the kinetic theory of matter and how it is particularly influenced by changes in the heat and temperature around the substances that are being examined as practical objects. The most understanding decisive factor about understanding all of this is by comprehending the fact of exactly what heat is and how it potentially operates. Heat on with reference to (Encyclopaedia Britannica Educational Corporation. (1989). what is heat?) is the amount of thermal energy that is being possessed by all and every matter established in the universe. To be technically precise the universe as we have come to know is made up of molecules and atoms that are in constant random motion or they fundamentally vibrate about their fixed position causing a stir up in the heat generated or more precisely causing an increase in the thermal energy of their employed surroundings. Thermal energy as being energy is measured in joules and due to the free flowing nature of matter pertaining to the everlasting vibration and motion of atoms and molecules is also passed from one particular body to another and this transfer of thermal energy is known as the exo/endo thermic processes involving the heat transfer of objects. In these cause of events, either endothermic or exothermic there is always a shift in the thermal energy gained or lost by one isolated object to another or vice versa. Generally speaking endothermic and exothermic reactions account on the comparison of heat gained or lost to the surroundings as the environment helps keep one end of the deal at constant r.t.p. (room temperature and pressure) helping in determining which reactions are more active than others. Let us now take a very common example regarding a much general chemistry case that involves either exothermic or endothermic reactions. On significant terms endothermic reactions are rather slow in nature generally than exothermic reactions and hence they ought to have a more time consuming practical approach. Photosynthesis, the using of sunlight in making food for the plant by the plant is an active example of how endothermic reactions occur. Definitive terminology puts endothermic reactions clas sify these as processes in which heat or thermal energy is taken from the surrounds and transferred into the reaction mixture or let us say that thermal energy is gained hence causing a flow in heat from one object to another while decisively in a exothermic reaction such as mixture of sodium chloride to create a salt NaCl is a much faster chemical reaction but in such reactions thermal energy is lost from the reaction mixture into the surrounds i.e. to say that heat, unlike the endothermic reactions, is transferred from the reaction mixture to the surrounds. I personally believe that the study of heat and matter is relatively one of the larger branches of study in the chemistry subject but as so much to this thesis I clearly see that heat and how it is manipulated is been thoroughly achieved through this literature. Moving on to what potentially temperature might be, well temperature on account of Sullivan, N. (2007) is the average heat or thermal energy in a substance. Unlike ther mal energy temperature has more focus on a number

Caf Survey Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Caf Survey - Statistics Project Example Among the respondents were sixty nine staff members and one hundred and fifty six students. Among the students, 15 are freshman, 25 are sophomore, 43 are Junior, 64 are Senior and 6 are Graduate Students. From the analysis above, we noted that the largest population of the college of technology is dominated by senior students. From the data obtained we can know the group of students and staff that uses the cafà © and this will help in deciding on amount of food staff to prepare and time. From the survey we found that seventy one of the two hundred and twenty five respondents currently use the Executive Express Cafà © in the College of Business. Among those who currently use the cafà © in the college of business, twenty two are staff members and forty nine are students. On how often do respondents who visit the cafà © in the school of business, 57 respondents do use the cafà © 1-2 times a week, 11 uses the cafà © 3-4 times a week and only three use it a week. This is represented below. On analysis of the purchases made by the respondents, 35 do purchase pizza, 10 purchase Chips, 14purchease Muffins/Bagels, 17 purchase Salad Sandwiches, 18 purchase Cookies/Treat Bars, 12 purchase Yogurt/Pudding, 16 purchase Fruit Cups, 42 purchase Coffee/Specialty Drink and 29 purchase Bottled Drinks/Soda. From this data the most purchased is Coffee/Specialty Drink. The table below shows a breakdown of these results. In conclusion we noted that about 32 percent of the college of technology faculty and staff do currently use the cafà © in the college of business. These results give us an approximate of 480 people from college of technology who currently use the cafà © in college of business. Concerning the data collected to determine how often people of college of technology do use the cafà © in the college of business, I do conclude that most people visit the cafà © twice a week. In detail it is 80 percent of those people who use the cafà © in college of business using it 1-2 times a

Violent Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Violent Crime - Essay Example Rational choice theory can be used to explain the high rates of crimes in areas characterized by poverty, unemployment, school dropouts, and divorce among others in many ways. First, the theory notes that the offenders are willing to do all that they can to obtain money, sex, status and any other thing that can make them happy (Ahmad, 2014). As it is commonly known, those who are unemployed lack the basics of sustaining themselves such as the daily upkeep and decent housing. Because of this, they are likely to be involved in violent crimes to get what they want. Same thing applies to the school dropouts who lack the skills that employers look for their employments. Lastly, the theory bases on cost benefit analyses among the offenders (Ahmad, 2014). Residents living in recession areas weigh the impact of violent crimes to obtain what they want with the punishment they are to get. In most cases, some of them commit violent crimes and run before being caught. This encourages them to continue with the act since the benefit is high compared to cost because they are not caught. Hence, the unemployed, poverty stricken, and school dropouts are more likely to commit violent crimes often compared to others. In conclusion, rationale choice theory of crimes assumes that human beings are rational actors who calculates and weighs their behaviors before committing a crime. They indulge in violent crimes after considering the impact in terms of pleasure versus pain.

John quincy adams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

John quincy adams - Research Paper Example ncy, born on 11 July 1767, spent most of his early years in Braintree with his parents John and Abigail Adams who taught him classics, Mathematics, and languages. John Quincy, at the age of ten, began travelling to Europe with his father who was a diplomat, enabling him to serve as a secretary of state at a young age. John Quincy spent time in Paris and studied art, music and fencing, and when he was old enough, went to Massachusetts where he specialized in law up to 1790. Quincy was a lawyer for a short period until he was drawn to civic discourse that was a precursor to his life in the public office. John Quincy became a lawyer after graduating at Harvard University, until the age of 26 when he got an appointment to become minister for the Netherlands. Quincy then got promoted to Berlin Legation and became elected in 1802, as a Senator. He worked for six years until he got an appointment of being minister for Russia. Quincy Adams was one of the greatest State Secretaries who worked under President Monroe, and this is evident in his arrangement of England’s joint occupation of Oregon country and the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine. However, Quincy declined calls from Madison to become one of the judges of the Supreme Court in 1811 (Hewson 41). The 1824 presidential elections won by John, was the first ever after the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, and with the collapse of the competition that used to exist between the Federalists and Republicans, personal and sectional conflicts arouse to replace party politics. John Quincy Adams had an embodiment regarding parties, but enforced political principles that focused on antislavery, and this challenged Jacksonian democracy. In addition, his high-minded stances weakened him as a president especially during sessions in the congress. President John Quincy had programs, which were meant to create a national market, and included the creation universities, canals, and roads among other initiatives. His strategies

Scripture Interpretation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Scripture Interpretation - Essay Example In addition, verses like Job 9:6 suggest that the earth is flat which has already been proven to be incorrect. Hence, this illustrates that scriptures can be better understood by culmination of processes which involve understanding the history of interpretation of the bible as well as the times during which the interpretation was made. This paper will illustrate the history of scriptures and how they were written and interpreted over the years. In addition, there will also be an assessment on the different views that are taken by different religions and how the interpretations vary. Authors such as Karen Armstrong (2007) suggest that interpreting texts too literally is dangerous for society and has led to the rise of religious extremists in different beliefs. Armstrong (2007), states that there is a large amount of criticism by atheists accusing Christianity of many unethical acts whilst extremists that perform acts of terror quote the Quran. Historically there was no orthodoxy in the scripture from the beginning was never written in a monolithic voice, hence making it impossible to interpret literally. For example, the Quran is written in the form of parables as it is the only which can be used to describe God and likewise Jesus in the bible was such a significant figure that it was impossible to describe him with a single definition. This shows that the scriptures were never meant to be interpreted literally, as many individuals can create contrasting arguments both using scriptures in the bible. An example, of this is the argument for and against slavery. Sl ave owners were capable of providing a well supported argument using texts from the bible whilst slaves could use the same bible to oppose slavery. This point illustrates the issue of interpretation in the bible, in addition, the book was written by numerous authors who were all using the voice of God and at times did not

John quincy adams Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

John quincy adams - Research Paper Example ncy, born on 11 July 1767, spent most of his early years in Braintree with his parents John and Abigail Adams who taught him classics, Mathematics, and languages. John Quincy, at the age of ten, began travelling to Europe with his father who was a diplomat, enabling him to serve as a secretary of state at a young age. John Quincy spent time in Paris and studied art, music and fencing, and when he was old enough, went to Massachusetts where he specialized in law up to 1790. Quincy was a lawyer for a short period until he was drawn to civic discourse that was a precursor to his life in the public office. John Quincy became a lawyer after graduating at Harvard University, until the age of 26 when he got an appointment to become minister for the Netherlands. Quincy then got promoted to Berlin Legation and became elected in 1802, as a Senator. He worked for six years until he got an appointment of being minister for Russia. Quincy Adams was one of the greatest State Secretaries who worked under President Monroe, and this is evident in his arrangement of England’s joint occupation of Oregon country and the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine. However, Quincy declined calls from Madison to become one of the judges of the Supreme Court in 1811 (Hewson 41). The 1824 presidential elections won by John, was the first ever after the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, and with the collapse of the competition that used to exist between the Federalists and Republicans, personal and sectional conflicts arouse to replace party politics. John Quincy Adams had an embodiment regarding parties, but enforced political principles that focused on antislavery, and this challenged Jacksonian democracy. In addition, his high-minded stances weakened him as a president especially during sessions in the congress. President John Quincy had programs, which were meant to create a national market, and included the creation universities, canals, and roads among other initiatives. His strategies

A critical response to Donald Davidsons views of self-deception Essay

A critical response to Donald Davidsons views of self-deception - Essay Example Such event, according to the theory, will "permit" the idea that an individual may at any given time cling to incongruous viewpoints and ambiguous judgments about her/him or about a given state of affairs. The concept, Davidson contends, is that if parts of the mind are, to some degree or level, independent, we can comprehend how they are able to entertain and embrace inconsistencies, contradictions and variations, and to intermingle and cooperate on a causal level. This, I beg to disagree. If we take a cursory glimpse, Davidson's account offers a fascinating depiction of self-deception. It seemed to naturally and readily settle the absurdity and the irony of the concept. Nonetheless, if we investigate seriously the sketch of this phenomenon on the "divided-mind" paradigm, grave doubts and opposing protestations will come to our mind.However, before explicitly elucidating my disagreement, let me first discuss another angle that runs parallel to Davidson's idea of the divided-mind occ urrence - Freud's embodiment of the human mind consisting of an ego, super-ego, and id. To the Freudian picture, the ego matches up with the conscious part of the mind, while the super-ego and the id, to the unconscious. The id is steered by impulses, cravings and desires; as the super-ego flushes out the "undesirables" conceived by the id, the ego puts things into action. A Freudian version of self-deception, then, would justify for the absurd possession of diametrically opposed beliefs. The unconscious id discerns and understands that p, but is compelled by a desire to believe that not-p, so it "cooperates" or "works together" with the super-ego to deceive the ego. In this scenario, the agent may deliberately and knowingly assumes a belief this same agent instinctively knows to be false, but the fact that this belief is false is one way or another "concealed" from such agent. In this manner, self-deception becomes unequivocally comparable to interpersonal deception, with two agent -like structures misleading/deceiving a third into believing something they know to be false. Though desisting to succumb to the Freudian concepts of ego, super-ego and id, Davidson concurs with Freud that particular facets of the mind must be put forward in order to explain self-deception or absurdity of any kind: [First,]the mind is to be regarded as having two or more semi-autonomous structures. [Second, we assign] a particular kind of structure to one or more subdivisions of the mind: a structure similar to that needed to explain ordinary actions. [Third,]certain mental events take on the character of mere causes relative to some other mental events in the same mind. [I]n order to accommodate [this feature] we must allow a degree of autonomy to parts of the mind (Davidson 1982) As Davidson puts it, one psychological event can be a cause of but not a sufficient reason for another mental event. Certainly, this framework can be a probable occurrence in interpersonal interaction. For instance -- I yearn for Mr. X to be inside my bedroom, so, I positioned a hundred scented candles of different sizes and colors in strategic places, allow some erotic music to reverberate inside the room and open the door a few inches apart just enough for Mr. X to have a wondrous peek of what's inside and what he can expect if he gets in. As he saw what's in store for him inside that room, he then craves to enter and will want to

Research Paper Essay Example for Free

Research Paper Essay Sibley’s English 1302 Research Paper Submission Guidelines RESEARCH PAPER: * The research paper must be 1500-2000 words in length (excluding the Works Cited page), and must be typed according to MLA format guidelines for style and documentation. Type Word Count on last page of paper (before the Works Cited page). * A minimum of 1 primary (literary) source and 3 secondary sources must be used in the actual writing of the paper. * The paper must conform to one of the three options provided by the prompt, and be written about approved literary works. The paper must be organized in alternating pattern (by criteria and not by literary work). * Have a descriptive title WHAT TO SUBMIT: Submit the following documents in a folder with your name and section# legibly printed on it. 1. A clean copy of final paper and works cited page. 2. Complete photocopies of any short stories not in the anthology OR a page with links to electronic copies. PLEASE NOTE: Research Projects are due at the beginning of class on the date found in your revised tentative course calendar. Your paper must be attached to an email sent to me by 11:59pm the evening of day the hard copy of the paper is due. Remember that if you do not do this—I cannot assign any credit to your paper, even if you turned in the hard copy. LATE PENALTIES: 5% Hard copy turned in on due date, but later than 5 minutes after the beginning of class. 10% per calendar day, up until 3 days after the due date, after which I will no longer accept papers, and no credit will be assigned. Dr. Sibley’s English 1302 Research Paper Evaluation Rubric Student Name amp; Section # _________________________________________________ Paper Grade (20% of Course Grade): ________ NOTE WELL: To receive a minimum grade of â€Å"C,† the responses to all of the following criteria must be â€Å"Yes. † ____________________________________________________________________________ FORMAT * MLA Format (double-spaced, 1† margins, etc. ) Yes / No * Works Cited Page provided Yes / No * Works Cited Page conforms to MLA guidelines Yes / No * Internal Citations in correct form Yes / No Sources properly introduced before initial use of them Yes / No * Direct quotations integrated properly into paper Yes / No * 1500 word minimum Yes / No STYLE * Paper is written from a 3rd person, objective point of view. Yes / No * Paper is written in literary present tense. Yes / No * Paper is free from numerous, distracting small errors. Yes / No * Diction and tone are appropriate for an academic paper. Yes / No * The reader is not hampered by confusi ng or awkwardly constructed sentences. Yes / No * There are no serious grammatical errors. Yes / No CONTENT * Paper has an arguable thesis related to literary elements of short stories, and develops an argument which adequately supports it. Yes / No * Paper exhibits competent knowledge of its primary sources. Yes / No * Paper exhibits correct use of literary vocabulary and conventions. Yes / No * Paper makes use of at least 3 secondary sources. Yes / No * Paper is well organized in alternating pattern. Yes / No * Paper comes to a logical conclusion which is clearly related to the thesis. Yes/ No

Overview of Disease Diagnoses Processes

Overview of Disease Diagnoses Processes Alejandra Medinilla TASK 1 The aim of this work is to cover the whole process of disease diagnoses. In medicine, exist different ways to classify diseases as well as different test and procedures to diagnose them. The world health organization (WHO) plays a very important role here; since they created normalized classifications of diseases and disabilities, with specific codes to describe each of them with the purpose of simplify and standardize the process of diagnose 1.2. We are going to review the two most important models of health, used in medicine to explain illness. They help to predict and identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the possibility of occurrence of an illness. Diseases can be classified in different ways, depending on the criteria taken into account; duration, distribution, pathology and aetiology are some examples. They are important in the compilation of statistics on causes of illness (morbidity) and causes of death (mortality). The most used classifications divided illnesses depending on the organs affected, nature and causes of the disease, risk of contagious and communicable and the occurrence and frequency of it. According to the British encyclopedia these classifications are: 1) topographic, (2) anatomic (3) physiological, (4) pathological (5) etiologic (6) juristic, (7) epidemiological and (8) statistical. (Stanley L. Robbins, Jonathan H. Robbins, Dante G. Scarpelli. 2013. Classifications of diseases [online]. Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/275628/human-disease/63272/Classifications-of-diseases) The WHO has a very important role in classifying disease. They develop the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC), with the ICD and ICF as core classifications. They are call the Normalized Classifications and are based on professional and scientific criteria. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is a classification that uses different codes to differentiate symptoms, signs and illnesses. This classification allowed a global standardization making easier the diagnostic process. Each illness is classifying trough a code of 5 characters. The last version is the 10th, ICD-10, created in 1992. The 11th revision is running until 2015. The other classification created by the WHO is the ICF, which complements the ICD. This classification has two parts. One refers to functionality and disability and the other to conceptual factors. Both classify of the different states of illness/health within a standardize framework, with specific codes. On the other hand, more generally speaking, in 1997 was created the â€Å"triangle of health†. It classifies health, into social, mental or physical making emphasis on the importance of the three states together. We can define as Physical Health, to the body health; it refers to optimal weigh, vision, a healthy skin, and bones, tissues and organs, a good dental condition and a good neuro-muscular coordination. A person with physical health must able to do all his routine workwithout any difficulty. To evaluate the physical health of a person we can focus in different areas like life style (drug abuse, alcohol and tabaco habits, regular exercise, medical checkups), human biology (genetic and body chemistry), environment (the air we breathe and where we live) and medical services ( to prevent, detect and treat diseases). Mental Health – refers to the state of mind. It is the capability that a person has to manage stress and tension of daily life and keep a good attitude. Personal relationships with family and friends are a key aspect when trying to evaluate a person’s mental health. Mental health is essential requirement to make judgments, to possess discretion and to face and overcome the problems. The World Health Organization describes Mental Health as the â€Å"state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community. (WHO. December 2013. Mental health: a state of well-being [online]. Available at: http://www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/) And last, Social Health – which is the ability to function in society. It is in the ability to build positive and constructive relationships with peers. The social network of a person is a crucial indicator. Having no friends could lead to depression being more prone to manifest physical problems. In contrast, a person with strong relationships will feel more supported and accompanied. As a resume, a person could have a very good physical health, making exercises every day, eating healthy food and doing regular checkups with the doctor, but, if the person moves away from friends and social events to maintain this condition, this means luck of social health and could lead him to mental health problems in the future. In the process of diagnoses and establishing health and disease it is important to have knowledge and understanding of the Health research methods. Health research has been defined as â€Å"the process for obtaining systematic knowledge and technology which can be used for the improvement of the health of individual groups.† (Davies 1991, cited in A. Bowling 2002, p.3) Health research methods are used to obtain the necessary information to develop new tools and procedures that help to protect people from diseases or recover from them. Classifications of research methods are based on different criteria. Dankhe classification (1989) proposed 4 types of research studies: exploratory, descriptive, correlational and explanatory. In general depending on the role of the researcher we can have observational or experimental methods; according to the time when the data is collected or measured, prospective or retrospective; according to the number of occasions on which the variable is measured in the study, transversal or longitudinal and according to the number of variables under study, descriptive or analytic. Experimental studies are prospective studies; they evaluate the effect of one or more interventions. Frequently used in the assessment of therapeutic drugs and therapeutic interventions, being really careful with the ethic limits. They can be applied to the investigation of preventive measures of the disease, seeking to reduce individual risk. An example is the study that evaluates the effectiveness of a vaccine. On the other hand observational studies are those in which the patient is not assigned to an specific treatment or intervention, the evaluation is carried out according to a standard clinical practice, being therefore the researcher an observer of what is happening or has happened. Research involves a combination between the different types of research. Research methods are used in conjunction. As the WHO suggest â€Å"another way of classifying health research†¦ is to describe it under three operational interlinked categories of biomedical, health services and behavioral research, the so-called health research triangle† (WHO. 2001. Health research methodology. Chapter 1, p. 3) Multi-dimensional approaches are available for evaluating outcomes research. In evaluating research outcomes it is important to measure effectiveness, acceptability and humanity, equity and accessibility and efficiency. The evaluation of the data is made using the scientific method, and the collection of research data. Evaluation can be divided into two types: formative and summative. Formative evaluation is carried out during the investigation process. It aims to improve the methodology concentrating on the strengths and weaknesses. On the other hand, Summative evaluation takes place at the end of the process. It determines achievement and other outcomes, to evaluate the continuity or not of the process or program. There are different ways to disseminate the results of a research. As a general rule it is better to plan at the beginning of the research which is going to be the dissemination strategies. It should be consider the goals and objectives of the dissemination, as well as the impact, the Audience, the Medium to best reach each the audience and the execution process. Ones we have the results of an investigation we need to concentrate in how they are going to be disclosed. The options are diverse, depending on the public we want to focus on. The most common and generally used is the publication of texts, could as scientific papers, in specialize magazines, newspapers or posters, leaflets and advertising for a more general public. In the field of health exist different Principles of Health modeling. Models are a simplification of reality. They help to predict, identify risks and consequences, make decisions and reduce the burden of illness. We can mention 2 important models, the Biomedical and the Biopsychosocial models. Both are theories that explain illness from different perspectives. The biomedical model assumes that disease is a deviation from normal biological functioning and biological mechanisms are sufficient to explain disease, excluding psychological and social processes. It is a reductionist and single-factor model; it reduces illness to low-level processes, such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances, and explains illness in terms of a biological malfunction. We can say that the Body was treated as a machine; Physical disease is measured by the absence of health. It is the one used to develop the classification of diseases. On the other hand, the Holistic or biopsychosocial model includes biological, psychological, and social factors as important determinants of health and illness. It maintains that health and illness are caused by multiple factors and produce multiple effects. So it is a multicausal model. Mind and body cannot be distinguished in matters of health and illness because both influence the state of health. The perception of wellbeing is influence by different factors. There are psychological and social factors that influence the development of illness, and these are ignored by the biomedical model since it take into account just the physical aspects of the problem. TASK 2 It is important to mention the difference between Diseases and Illnesses. A disease is a pathological condition of the body in response to disruption of homeostasis. It is a result of pathogens, trauma, physical and chemical agents, genetics (inheritance), metabolic or nutritional disorders, while an Illness is the condition of a person experiencing disease. In order to establish people’s health we need to follow different procedures and make various tests to be able to give diagnoses. Before we can proceed with a specific test or group of tests we need to look the Signs and symptoms the patient presents. Signs can be define as any indication of a medical condition that can be objectively observed and normally they have no meaning to the patient or they not even notice them. Signs can be detected during a physical examination. Elevated blood pressure is an example. 2.2 Symptoms on the other hand are recognized, experienced and referred by the patients. The patient feels something anomalous in his body. Examples of symptoms can be, feeling tired, low mood and energy, anxiety, nausea, dizziness, and drowsiness. Symptoms become key elements when any health professional want to make a diagnosis to a patient and give him treatment. As examples to clarify we can mention three examples. In the case of a headache, the patient is the only one capable to notice it so, it is a symptom; if we talk about blood pressure, this could only be a signs, since it needs to be measured by a doctor in a laboratory; and the one that could be both, a sign and a symptom is a rush. Ones we have observe and checked the signs and symptoms we are able to proceed with the correspondent diagnostic process. The diagnostic process includes all types of measurements and tests that are used to evaluate a patients condition, such as physiological measurements, laboratory tests and pathology tests, imaging tests and endoscopies. 2.1 Each form of diagnosis involves specific procedures and tests that we can summarize as: Laboratory tests: blood test, urine, and/or other body fluids. They are used to evaluate what is going on in the body and also in specific cases like cancer treatment, to evaluate the side effects like anaemia and neutropenia (low white blood cell count), which can increase the risk of infection. 2.1 Endoscopic tests: is a procedure performed with an endoscope (a flexible and very thin tube with a camera) to examine the inside of the body. The endoscope model varies depending on the part of the body that is going to be examined. Biopsy: is the removal of tissue, a very small amount to be examined under a microscope. There are different types of biopsies: Fine needle aspiration biopsy, Core needle biopsy, Vacuum-assisted biopsy, Image-guided biopsy and surgical biopsy. 2.1 Imaging tests: X-ray, bone scan, CT or CAT scan, Positron emission tomography (PET) scan, MRI and Ultrasound. 2.1 In practice, Multiple Tests are used. Choices depend on cost, invasiveness, volume of test, presence and capability of lab infrastructure, urgency, etc. As an example, to diagnose cancer the most common types of tests used are biopsy, imaging tests, endoscopic tests and laboratory tests. It is important to know that a disease could be developed in a normal or an abnormal way. That is the field of etiology, which in medicine refers to the factors coming together to cause a disease. As mention previously, a disease can have a normal or an abnormal aetiology. To clarify this concept we can observe the development of Diabetes. In general it could be describe as a chronic disease that occurs when the body loses the ability to produce enough insulin or use it effectively. We can divide this disease in 2 main groups. The first one includes the types of diabetes with normal aetiology and the second one with abnormal aetiology. In the 1st group (normal aetiology), the common forms of diabetes are Type 1 diabetes (T1D, known as insulin-dependent diabetes or IDDM) and Type 2 diabetes. In Type 1, the pancreatic cells produce little or no insulin. Its causes are not precisely known but are believed to be an autoimmune reaction. It can occur at any age, but usually occurs before the age of 30. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes (NIDDM) usually develops slowly over time. Most people with this disease are overweight at the time of diagnosis. The increment of body fat makes it difficult for the body to use insulin the right way. It can also occur in thin people and are more common in the elderly. It is the most common form of diabetes. 2.3 The 2nd group involves the types of diabetes with abnormal aetiology. In general these types present a gene mutation and some grade of inheritance. We can mention MODY (Maturity onset diabetes of the young) and GDM (Gestational diabetes). (MODY) is a rare form of diabetes that runs strongly in families. It is caused by an inherited genetic defect, an autosomal inheritance (3 generations of the same family affected) of the insulin-producing cells. After the Type 1 diabetes it is the most frequency type within infants. GDM is first developed during pregnancy, usually appears in mid-pregnancy. The body cannot produce or use enough insulin. It is of very high risk for the pregnancy, so it needs to be controlled. Gestational diabetes can be controlled with a healthy diet and regular exercise, but sometimes the mother will also need insulin. Normally it disappears after delivery, but the mother has more risks of developing diabetes type 2 in the future. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bowling, Ann. Research methods in health: investigating health and health services– 2nd ed. Open University Press, Buckingham †¢ Philadelphia. David Blane, Mel Bartley, George Davey Smith ; Disease aetiology and materialist explanations of socioeconomic mortality differentials; Inequities in health European Journal of Public Health. 1997; 7: 3S5-391 D. A. Collier and J. L. Treasure, The aetiology of eating disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry (2004), 185, 363-365 Donald M. Steinwachs, Ronda G. Hughes, Chapter 8. Health Services Research: Scope and Significance. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses: Vol. 1 Institute of Alcohol Studies (2007) Alcohol and Mental Health. L Rychetnik, M Frommer, P Hawe, A Shiell, Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. J Epidemiol Community Health 2002; 56:119–127 Ross and Wilson (2006), Anatomy and Physiology in health and illness, 10th edition Elsevier. R Bonita, R Beaglehole, T Kjellstrà ¶m, Basic epidemiology, WHO, 2nd edition. Saffrey and Stewart (eds) (2001) Maintaining The Whole: Human Biology and Health Book 3, The Open University, Chapter 7. The World health organization (2001) Mental health : new understanding, new hope. Tortora (2003) Introduction to the Human Body: The essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th Edition, Wiley Sons. Hawkes, C. (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases, World Health Organization. WHO, Health Research Methodology: A guide for training in research methods. Second Edition. WHO, Regional Office for the Western Pacific, Manila, 2001. World Health Organization, 2001. ICF International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health. WHO, Geneve. WHO (1993) The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders. Diagnostic Criteria for research. WHO, Geneva. World Health Organization (2002) Globalization, Diets and Noncommunicable Diseases.

What view of mankind does Golding portray in Lord of the Flies? :: Free Essay Writer

What view of mankind does Golding portray in Lord of the Flies? This essay will explore the psychology and thinking behind the characters and writing of the novel 'Lord of the Flies'. Overall, it will answer the question; 'What view of mankind does Golding portray in Lord of the Flies?' From soon after its discovery, if it was 'discovered' at all, the beast becomes more than just a thing on a mountain (its most predominant form), it becomes a major symbol of mankind, and its psyche. Throughout the story, the beast takes on many more forms than the previously mentioned appearance. Once as a 'beastie', seen in the forest by the smaller children. This actually turns out to be the creepers. Sometimes as a large figure that falls from the sky and lands on top of the mountain. This is simply a dead parachutist, but it is left alone by the boys (apart from by Simon, and one expedition by three boys), and is feared greatly by the inhabitants of the island. Lastly, as a pigs head on a stick. This is simply its physical representation, but its existence runs much deeper than this. This head is what is really wrong on this island, but only Simon finds this out, and his life is ended in a fit of excitement. Throughout the story, the beast, in whatever form it takes, takes shape as a small worry, develops into a growing fear, until it reaches a level almost equal to a deity of some kind. The sad thing about these children is that they never quite realise the beast is not a physical thing at all, and if it ever was, they should not have feared it. The only thing the beast was - that was truly fearful - was the hate, evil and ability to harm burning deep inside each and every one of the boys. The main purpose of the beast in this story is to display that without something to fear and respect (a primitive form of religion), then man can, and possibly will go crazy. The conch is the very first important discovery on the story, next to the discovery of two survivors. This discovery is so near to the beginning of the book that it becomes something close to not only Jack and Ralph, but also to the reader. It brings together all of the island dwellers right from the first gathering. The boys advance slowly into savagery, and at the same rate as this happens, the conch slowly loses its importance and democratic symbolism, the boys respond less to its calls, and soon enough, it only calls Sam, Eric, Ralph and

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence Essay -- History Historical Essay

The Roots of Artificial Intelligence The roots of artificial intelligence can be traced back to ancient Greece with myths like that of Pygmalion, which incorporated the idea of an intelligent robot. These early thoughts soon developed into stories like Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein in 1818, which was the story of a monster created by man and brought to life. These stories make for interesting fireside tales and bedtime reading, but where did artificial intelligence truly get its start? Most scientists and historians would give this credit to â€Å"the father of artificial intelligence†1, John McCarthy. Without McCarthy, the term â€Å"artificial intelligence† would not have been coined; and many discoveries in this growing field would not have been made or pursued without his preliminary research into this previously uncharted territory of computer science. This early research in artificial intelligence has led to many of the most important technological advances of all time. By loo king at John McCarthy’s life and a few of these applications of artificial intelligence, it is easy to see how much of an impact the field of artificial intelligence has had on our world. John McCarthy was born in 1927 in Boston, Massachusetts. His mother, a journalist for the Federated Press wire service, and his father, a fisherman, carpenter, and a union organizer, were both Communist party activists. â€Å"McCarthy has ascribed his early interest in science to his family’s political views, pointing to their general belief that technology was good for humanity†2. Due to his family’s controversial political views, John was kept on the move for most of his childhood, first to New York and then on to Los Angeles. As a junior in... ...ries that will help society just as much, if not more, than a true artificial intelligence. Works Cited 1Morales, Edu. Online: http://web.mit.edu/STS001/www/Team7/home.html 2 Ibid. 3Weiss, Sonia. â€Å"John McCarthy†. Online: http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/mccarthy.html 4Ibid. 5Ibid. 6Ibid. 7Christiansen, Brian. â€Å"History of Speech Recognition†. Online: http://www.stanford.edu/~jmaurer/history.htm 8Howard-Spink, Sam. Online: http://www.research.ibm.com/thinkresearch/pages/2002/20020918_speech.shtml 9Ibid. 10 â€Å"Remote Control in Deep Space.† Science News Weekly. 29 May 1999. 11Artificial Intelligence. Exploration Systems Autonomy Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Online: http://www-aig.jpl.nasa.gov/ 12Roush, Wade. â€Å"Immbots Take Control.† Technology Review. December 2002-January 2003.

Review of communication skills Essay

In the group interactions, I was a class room assistant who was meeting the parents of a young child with behavioural problems.  When Mr and Mrs Shaw arrived I called them in to the office using a soft tone and with a hand gesture I offered them a seat in front of my desk. They seemed pleased to be meeting me and were very concerned about their son Matthew. They were both talking in a calm slow voice with varying tone.  I started by asking how Matthews behaviour was at home. Mr Shaw was relaxed and sitting in an open posture. He said Matthews’s behaviour was fine and there was nothing wrong with him. Mrs Shaw became tensed and looked away from her husband and said she had experienced problems at home when Matthew was around other children, as he would become angry and frustrated over simple things. Mr Shaw sat upright and told his wife there was nothing wrong with Matthew’s behaviour and that this was normal. I reassured them both that this could be understandable as he is an only child and may not be use to sharing with other children. Maintaining good eye contact I said I was experiencing the same problems in the class as Matthew is becoming very disruptive and a lot of parents are complain that their children are frightened of Matthew. Mrs Shaw became very upset and did not keep eye contact with me, and Mr Shaw was now in a closed posture. In a strong tone Mr Shaw demanded what was doing to help Matthew. I leaned forward and using a soft tone I told them the school could offer support for Matthew as long as the parents were willing to help, I then showed them some of Matthew’s class work and the areas he was doing good in. His mother seemed pleased and became less tensed. I offered a special needs program pointing out the benefits where Matthew could be taken out of the class room for a few hours a week. Mr Shaw became very tensed and leaned back in his chair as his face muscles became tight. He said his son did not need a special needs program and this was a waste of time, I went over the benefits o the program again, speaking clearly as I read the most important points. Mrs Shaw was unsure and wanted to agree only if her husband would support the program, but she agreed to look at the leaflet and consider it with her husband. I explained how one to one help for Matthew would benefit him in his school work and also the other children, I then said they could discuss the program at home and decide, and then they could arrange another interview if they were happy with the program. Mr Shaw stood up and I handed Mrs Shaw the leaflets. I thanked them for their time and shock their hands, I said using a polite tone they could come see me any time if they were unhappy about any thing. I showed them to the door and Mrs Shaw was very thankful for my advice and agreed to come back and discuss the program for Matthew. Mr Shaw thanked me but did not shake my hand and made no eye contact with me as he left and I said he was very welcome to come back any time.

Soapbox on Chavs

Don’t even get me started on chavs! CHAV: Council House Anti-social and Violent. We’ve heard about them all before, and we see them on the streets all the time. We all hate them and I’m here to explain why they should all be banned †¦ and preferably incarcerated. They are well known for their advanced linguistics and decent attire. The first thing we notice when seeing a chav are their tracky bottoms – or should I say their underwear, because their trousers usually hung down in the ankle region. They are usually aged about 16-22, and their stereotypical dress code would probably be wearing the famous snapback facing in a 90 degree angle, of course, wearing baggy fake adidas tracksuits with tonnes of fake gold jewellery which they can barely carry. These people are in gangs acting as if they’re 8 foot tall and built up like a rugby player, in the corner of the McDonald’s car park. I once unfortunately came into contact with one of these ‘gangsters’ on my way walking back home from my friend’s house. I was half way there when I just looked to my left and saw some filthy unwashed scum in a hoodie. I was trying my best to avoid when he shouted at me ‘Yo fam, ya got a cig on ya mate’. ‘Fam’ is an urban abbreviation for family; I was thinking to myself that how could this pathetic, low-life imbecile even think that I am his family or related to him in any possible way, whilst I didn’t even bother turning his way. If you haven’t already seen one, they are easy to spot, just look for people with a gangster limp. Don’t get me wrong, I mean I’m not a judge a book by its cover kind of guy, I have reasons for why I despise these people. Anyway it’s their own faults for why they are in that situation because they’ve all dropped out of high-school, and ran away from home living off on government benefits. Why should we constantly pay our unnecessarily high taxes for a bunch of self-homeless townies? And I’m not being sexist about this either because there are also female chavs or better known as ‘chavettes’, which quite frankly aren’t any better. These anti-social group of ugly teenage girls, black and white, who usually hang around near shopping centres, waiting for someone to p*** them off. There are the stupid teenage girls who hang out in groups of threes on their phones, chewing gum obnoxiously loud, with 1 earphone in acting as if they are 10 men shouting at a little kid two or three years younger than them. Then there are the 14 year old pregnant girls who will ram their pushchair right into the back of your foot, and give you a menacing glare, like wat u gna complain. They try to make a name out of themselves by starting fights and causing riots to get in the news to frighten the innocent people at home. Most people are afraid of getting out of their houses after sunset due to these ‘bad men’ as they like to address themselves. Isn’t it funny how the majority is scared by the minority? I suppose it adds to their gangster factor though, and also assists in making them look hard. I mean, come on, if we saw their un-matured, baby face walking down an alley, we wouldn’t exactly be scared would we? Even though they might be carrying a knife in their pocket waiting to shank you, more than half of them I bet won’t even know how to use it. It is quite obvious where these people get the idea from, it is all these disgusting celebrities; the teenage girls obviously follow celebs like Nicki Minaj and the boys attempt to imitate 50 cent and lil’ wayne. With all this in mind, I hope you will come to an agreement that they are a waste of space and this contagious disease should be dealt with before more of the youth in today’s society catches it. So please, friends join me in my rebellion and together we can make chavs history.

Major Developments and Issues of China Telecommunication Term Paper

Major Developments and Issues of China Telecommunication - Term Paper Example The government upon the significance and volume of  the subscribers named separate service based and region based services to reach the end customer. The strong state holds organizations were built into a strong business network  competitive with private players. The fierce competition between the companies has opened up new challenges and avenues which are to be explored to sustain in the industry. The foreign mobile companies with more technology and business strategies provided new challenges for the state-owned companies to withstand in the industry. "No money to be made in a market with more than 1.3 billion people and a 7-8% average GDP growth rate? Doesn't that sound oxymoronic? Even with regulated competition in the Chinese telecom market, there are abundant business opportunities,". China is the largest populated country providing unlimited opportunities in major sectors  like telecom, Aviation, IT and software solutions. China telecommunications has been separated fro m affiliation from Ministry of post and telecommunications in 1994. China  Telecom was the only player used to take care of various other applications for entire china. Foreign players are not allowed to venture into China as a part of the constitutional  regulations existing at that point of time. MPT with its arm China telecom has made very bad progress throughout its operations due to factors like The increase of private players absorbing the market of the state-owned  organizations;  Ã‚  Loosing consumers confidence on the services; Political pressures and their ill effects; The monopoly and the negative consumer perceptions  forced the Chinese government to look for a change that can decentralize and elevate the performance of the telecom  industry. China has established one more organization called China Unicom. China Unicom a new player to start on its own performance failed to impress. The China telecom has shown its influence same as before as it was an arm of M PT (ministry of posts and telecom). China Unicom has been open to involvement by foreign parties. China telecom a serious contender used to confine itself to the native associations. China telecom used to play against China Unicom wherein telecom used to benefit from the deals. China Unicom has been met with resistance by China Telecom, which restricted interconnection with the national trunk network and, where access is granted, on terms that favored China Telecom at the expense of China Unicom and its foreign investors. By controlling the network in a healthy manner, the MPT neglected the development of China Unicom. The cold war between Unicom and telecom restricted foreign investors from making any real inroads in China's telecom sector. Reforms were initiated for major  developments to serve the consumers more effectively.

Shifting Paradigms In The Automotive Industry Essay

Shifting Paradigms In The Automotive Industry - Essay Example The reduction could be due to the combination of an increase in taxes and inflation with a decrease in the income levels. The cars could become less affordable and be perceived as luxury goods (Hubbard, 2004). For the people who have the ability to afford the automobile, they could require tailor made products that meet their needs. This could lead to the reduction of skilled labor with the expertise in the automobile industry. The market share could reduce, skilled labor shortage could occur, and there could be an increase in the demand of tailor made automotive products. The second scenario could be in the manufacturing of high tech automotive products. There could be a need to fit the automotive with devices that could allow drivers to access the internet. The consumers could want the automotive to have the software installed, which could allow them to personalize the interface features of the machine during driving (Ginsberg, 2008). The younger people who form a major part of mid dle-income earners could demand internet connectivity on their automobiles. This could be a compulsory feature for all the automotive if there is a need for a strong and large market share. There could be a need for the development of new business models aimed at the production of high tech automotive products. A valuable strategy for Better Place could better work for the company, in order to gain a large market share and for the production of high tech automotive (Automotive Industrial Strategy).

Middle eastern humanities essay paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middle eastern humanities essay - Term Paper Example These stories also reveal the different cultures of people. There are various ways to manifest love and show it to people around them. The story of Laila and Majnun is a story of love without bounds. It knows no limit. Their love for each other swerves dangerously between two opposing ideas of sanity vs insanity. The love they felt each other is so strong that they tend to forget who they are. Their thoughts are only filled by the object of their affection. It corrupts them of their identity. No other reasons are good enough for them to face the other aspects of life such as family, religion, society, and culture. Love made Majnun appear crazy before men and society. He idolized Laila so much to the extent of kissing all the objects related to her, such as the walls, seat and even her dog. His love blinded him of his identity as human being. He obliges to the commands of his emotions to pursue his Laila regardless of his physical health. For him, nothing else must be regarded but his affection to his Laila. He sets aside education, forgetting norms of society, and neglecting the love of his family towards him. In the same manner, Laila is bound in chains at the same height of love sickness as her lover Majnun. She sets her delight to him only. Her studies, social life, and family were all sacrificed due to her love sickness for Majnun. Her family kept her at distance due to the insanity behavioral tendencies of Majnun all because of love. The love of Majnun and Laila is a tragic one. They are both incapable of handling the emotional stress that love brought to them. They forget the other aspects of life that can make a person whole. They were carried by the strong current of their affection for each other. And when they are not granted to be together, life is equated to death. Their story ended up tragically. Majnun, remained in hope in the promise of Laila to come back to where they last parted. He forgets his identity

Citibank's E-Business Strategy for Global Corporate Banking Case Study

Citibank's E-Business Strategy for Global Corporate Banking - Case Study Example The present research has identified that technology has brought enormous changes to the business practices. Talking about businesses, technology is not restricted to any one kind of business. With the changing technology it has become an essential part of the business practices to adapt accordingly. Changes in technology have been followed globally and by every business sector. One of the most important technologies that have caused the most powerful impact on the businesses is â€Å"Internet†. It has revolutionized the ways of doing business. The most enticing change that it has brought by the â€Å"Internet† is â€Å"E-Commerce†. Firms and industries have shifted towards E-commerce. Many firms have used this technology to set their competitive advantage. Use of internet for conducting business has helped in globalization. It has changed the dimensions of competition throughout the world. Use of internet has transformed the firms’ relationships with the c ustomers, employees, suppliers and other logistic partners. E-commerce is basically the use of internet technology to buy and sell goods. E-commerce has led to the emergence of new markets. It has led to the reduction in costs. Many firms that were unable to adapt the concept of using E-commerce have suffered. As mentioned before, E-commerce is not restricted to any one business sector. Banking is one sector that has faced a huge impact of E-commerce on its business practices; to such an extent that E-commerce has now become directly linked with the profitability (BECKER, S. A. 2008; MEHTA, V., SUDAN, A. S., & DAWRA, S. 2003; MALHOTRA.P &SINGH.B. 2009) Use of internet has changed the customer needs and expectations. It has also influenced the strategic decision-making of the firms. Banking sector had to come up ways in order to successfully adapt to this new technology. They needed a way to translate their traditional strengths into an internet-based business model so it could add m ore value for the customers. Use of internet has changed the infrastructure for the delivering of goods. Is has increased the time-span for the customers. Now they can connect with the bank at anytime and anywhere. This means that there has been an increase in the banking hours and customers can avail the banking facilities at anytime; especially the transaction facilities. Use of internet to facilitate the routine business practices has led to an immense increase in competition between the firms. Even the use of internet has to be done in a differentiated way. This is exactly how the Citibank incorporated this revolutionary technology into its business model. It not only proved to be successful but set an example for all the other firms that are present within the banking sector (BECKER, S. A. 2008; ENGLER, H., & ESSINGER, J. 2000; UNITED NATIONS. 1998) Point of Differentiation At the end of 1990, Citibank made a change to its corporate bank activities. It changed its corporate bus iness strategy form decentralized to centralized strategy. The bank aimed to build a single

Spam Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Spam Overview - Essay Example Spammers are not abe to prevent intermediary systems from adding these headers while the headers provide only minimal protection because a thorough examination of the "Received:" header will be required to identify the real source of the message. There are two popular techniques used by spammers to puzzle message recipients: using open relay sites (Yahoo! Anti-Spam Resource Center, 2004) to send messages and adding "Received:" headers of their own creation when sending a message. Open relay sites refer to servers that are generally allowed to be used by unknown computers in order to to send e-mail messages. Mail can be traced back to these relays, but it is unlikely that the relay operator will be able to identify the system that passed it the message. While servers that allow relaying are becoming less common as a result of the spam problem, they still exist and are well-known by spammers. These relay sites are often blacklisted, meaning that certain ISPs will not accept messages from them. While this is helpful, it has the effect of blocking not only spam, but also legitimate messages by other senders that may depend on the relay for mail transport. The second technique is the adding of bogus "Received:" headers. However, this technique is not so effective as the first one. The bogus headers usually contain errors, but are not able to prevent the addition of accurate "Received:" headers. This means that recipient can believe the header that the own server added (jupiter.solar.net in the example) and work back from one header to the next, identifying whether the server is one he trusts at each step. (Klensin, 1995) The message "id" can be utilized to authenticate the validity with the administrator at each intermediary. Ultimately, the false headers can... The problem of spam has grown intensively since the emergence of the Internet. During the period of 2001-2002, spam increased by 450 percent or 12.4 billion messages per day. Spam is considered to be highly challenging problem because it mostly contains pornographic advertisement or fraudulent, get-rich-quick schemes sent from a cautiously disguised source. Spam is also a computer security risk since it spreads computer viruses that then turn infected computers into spammers. The sending of spam results in a substantial shifting of costs from advertisers to ISPs and e-mail recipients. In 2003, spam is counted to have cost companies worldwide $20.5 billion. Spammers are able to send messages for minimal cost--the cost of their Internet access and mailing lists. The costs of relaying messages, storing them, and downloading them are borne by others. The extent of other forms of commercial advertising that occurs is limited by the cost of the advertising.

The Cable News Network Essay Example for Free

The Cable News Network Essay The Cable News Network (CNN) is considered as one of the most respectable institutions in the field of news reporting. The CNN is a television network owned by the Time Warner as the news division of the Turner Broadcasting System. It is a television network that renders a 24-hour news coverage which includes the events that are taking place in other countries. According to Nielsen, a statistical organization measuring TV ratings, CNN ranked number two in America, trailing behind Fox News in terms of total audience (Project for Excellence in Journalism, 2007). Due to its respectable position in its chosen field, its reportage should be characterized by honesty and accuracy. To stress further the importance of news reportage, it is better to present it with statistics and statements. For instance, a news report that pertains to business utilizes mostly statistics, while some news reports that are politics-related quote the various officials pertinent to the news story. One of the recent news today which is widely debated and deliberated is the $700 billion bail-out fund intended to help out the troubled institutions due to the financial crisis that the nation is experiencing. Poppy Harlow, one of the CNN’s newscasters, made a report about the bail-out proposal. The main objective of Harlow’s reporting is to explain the meaning and the intention of the rescue bill and why the government is wiling to release such funds for it (â€Å"Heres the plan,† 2008). The 110-page bail-out proposal has been finally approved by the Congress. The minor legislative wing released the bill last Sunday evening. It is expected that the bill will take fast-track motions up to the Senate by Wednesday. The bill is based on the proposal of the Treasury Secretary, Henry Paulson, who requested the government to acquire troubled businesses so the banks can start lending money and perform properly (Sahadi, 2008). The bill mainly features the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). Through this program, the government will buy assets that are experiencing financial crisis. The fund released is equal to the fund Paulson requested, but the first $250 billion will be allocated to save the U. S. economy. The members of the prevailing political parties in the U. S. are concerned with the possibility that the taxpayers will pay for the bail-out proposal. Thus, they added several conditions to protect the taxpayers (Sahadi, 2008). Poppy Harlow reported the facts in a straight and concise manner. She did not exaggerate nor make the story light. She made the story sensible to every American and delivered it in such a way that every American would be concerned with the prevailing issue. Though the news report lacks direct quotation, she included the previous statements of Henry Paulson, the Treasury Secretary, about his proposal and his plans before it was approved as a bill. This supports the news story, feeding the public with information that they might miss. The statements are also utilized as an explanation or additional information for the news being reported. The news report also provides an example of what might happen if the plan will be carried out (â€Å"Heres the plan,† 2008). Poppy Harlow reported with fairness. She rendered the news without much difficulty. In this way, people coming from various sectors will be able to understand the news. The words are not highly-technical, and if there are words that are relevant for the public to know, Harlow provided an explanation or a working definition of the concept (â€Å"Heres the plan,† 2008). In news reporting, the statistical data, testimonials, and the examples play important roles in the news report, for they further expound the topic or the news reported for the better understanding of the audiences. References Heres the plan: Congressional leaders reach a tentative agreement on a $700 billion economic bailout plan. (2008, September 28). CNNMoney. com [Webcast Transcript]. Retrieved September 28, 2008 from http://money. cnn. com/video/#/video/news/2008/09/28/news. harlow. bailout. 092808. cnnmoney Project for Excellence in Journalism (2007). Economics. The State of the News Media 2007. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://www. stateofthenewsmedia. org/2007/narrative_cabletv_audience. asp? cat=3media=6. Sahadi, J. (2008, September 28). Rescue bill unveiled. CNNMoney. com. BigCharts. com. Retrieved September 29, 2008 from http://money. cnn. com/2008/09/28/news/economy/Sunday_talks_bailout/index. htm? cnn=yes.

Mcdonalds Marketing Intelligence System Marketing Essay

Mcdonalds Marketing Intelligence System Marketing Essay The driving forces behind the urgency to have quality marketing research and marketing information are hinged on the two factors. The continued decline in the unit cost of computer hardware and steady improvement in the flexibility and power of computer software, (Vitale, Ives, and Beath, 1989) and the quick pace in which environment changes, (Miles and Snow, 1987). The purpose of marketing research is to assist and improve marketing decision. Market research narrows the gap between producer and consumer, and increase the chance of successful decisions. In any field, the basis of decision making is having effective information available and using it. Processed, analysed and correctly used, market information can reduce risk, time and waste by providing the best basis for decision, (Tinniswood, 1986). Naturally, it seems, this leads to well defined marketing strategy. However, (Assad, 1990) posited marketing research must be conducted vigorously and systematically to fulfil its intended role, which is only vigorously when data collected are valid, reliable and representative. 2.0 The Quality of Marketing Research and Marketing Information What is Quality Marketing Research and Marketing Information? We will tackle this question by first collecting related framework, model and system and then discuss the issues of accuracy, reliability, amount of information required and data analysis complication that affect the quality of marketing research and marketing information. Mcdonalds Marketing Intelligence System Dr. Malcolm Mcdonalds concept of marketing intelligence system is depicted in fig. 1. As explained by Mcdonald, marketing research and marketing information are inseparable and hence synergistically entwined to effect a good marketing strategy. From the above, data from the market through marketing research are processed and analysed to form relevant marketing information which forms intelligence (knowledge) to make quality decision focuses on key determinants for example, the significance of market share or correct service levels for profitable growth. In marketing, these can be realised with a shrewd marketing mix (i.e. the 7 Ps). Hattons Information Priority Framework Marketing research is just one source of information available to the business planner. Also, the collection of new data can be very expensive. It is therefore imperative for the marketer to go through the process of identifying the priority for information need as in fig 2. The easy and hard can be defined by either time or cost. Weicks Theory of Marketing Research Limits On the same vein, (Weick, 1984) felt similar concern espoused a model with three criteria , (fig 3) to keep within the research limits i.e. generality, accuracy and simplicity. He provokes the thought of tradeoff among the three components. In reality, he stress that no all can be met at the same time but rather at most, any theory can meet two of these criteria. General accurate theories are complex, general simple theories are inaccurate, and simple accurate theories have no generality. The strategic implication of McDonald, Hatton and Weicks theory is that marketing researcher and the marketing manager have to work hand in hand to define problem correctly in the first place, prioritising information required and subtract, simplify, distil, (The Sunday Times, 18th May 1997) marketing information. This could improve the quality of information at optinium time and cost. All these certainly give us an indication of the complexity of the real world and management judgement is required. Lunns Database Marketing (DBM) Technology can increases the ease of data collection and provides new form of data analysis (Stone and Shaw, 1987). (Lunn, 1986)s thorough and ingenious DBM is a cut across functional boundaries system which can be a benchmarking tool to to information system designer. It helps in the linking of data collection to alternative marketing scenario which could lead to quality marketing strategies as depicted in fig 4. This system embraces organisational and cognitive process reliant on a solid IT foundation. 2.1 Accuracy of Marketing Research Most market research information does not have to totally accurate. For example, if a firm wants to know its market share, it will not matter whether the figure is 26 per cent or 27 per cent, but it will be important to discover whether it is 26 per cent or 50 per cent. Suppose a firm wants to know what portion of 10,000 person in a specific target group used their brand. They discover this information by asking everyone in the group. This is both expensive and time consuming Alternatively, they could take a proportion of the sample which should reflect the group. However, it is possible that the sample is not true reflection of the group and representative enough. The key to quality information is to have just enough information. Weicks theory come handy in this process. 2.3 Is there a need for more information? Elaborating on the above, it is easy to forget that market research is not usually needed for it own sake. In fact marketing research is not providing a direct recommendation about the correct decision to be taken. It usually provides indirect information about the environment, customers behaviour and attitude and so forth. In short, it will provide information which has to be combined with a mass of other already existed information before a final decision can be made. This indirectness can represent a potential problem. A question will arise is the present data not good enough? It is much more difficult to judge whether the information is really worth the cost and delayed involved, (Barron, and Targett, 1985). Although, the value of information can be calculated by comparing the profit available with and without the marketing research and its processed marketing information, for example, decision tree technique, it is unfortunately complicated and not reliable as the value will var y from situation to situation. One further problem is the calculations involve issues of probability and uncertainty which many people find difficult. An illustration of a survey on the likelihood of different sales level with three columns : sales, original probability estimate %, and revised probability estimate % as show in table 1 and could not find any change in it principle in making decision. For example for both estimates, the high portion of sales still fall in the region of  £40m  £50m. The revised probabilities make the decision process easier (is this quality enhancement ?), but they did not change the principle. Thus the important question is whether the revised odds would result in final decision. If not, the forecast is worthless. Hattons priority framework can provides a good guide to this consideration. 2.4 Data Analysis Accurate marketing research data needs not necessarily and automatically provides quality marketing information. Data have to be analysed. Most market researchers have learnt the art of data collection but there is certain room for improvement in the science of data analysis. (Drucker, 1992) also strongly advocates executives have become computer literate but data illiterate. As such, market reseachers should be urged to co-ordinate with the marketing manager and master the skill of interpreting data and re-look at the use of basic inferential procedures as an extra area to marketing decision making. It should use multivariate methods based on matching the technique to problem rather than the problem to the technique. The key issue here is not only to focus excessively on forecast accuracy but instead decision usefulness. For example building a consumer profile enables the firm to make quality and informed decisions. Thus, reducing the risk of making wrong decision on how to distribu te, promote and price its products. Lunns DBM model should be considered for overcoming some the above problems. Cost Issues Once data is collected and processed, the information must be distributed to the decision-makers. Its availability at the right time, right cost and its delivery in a user-friendly format will be critical to its usefulness and value. 3.0 Marketing Strategy and the Innovative use of Marketing Information (Bonoma, 1985) defines marketing strategy as the analysis of alternatives opportunities and risks to the firms, informed by environmental (e.g. competitive, social) and internal (e.g. production or people abilities) information, which leads management to choose a particular set of market, product, and customer goal. This administrative approaches carry the underlying assumptions that strategic marketing decisions are well understood and widely agreed upon within organisation (Skivimgton and Daft, 1991). At this junction we accept this unconditionally although many marketing experts discover inherent inadequacies of this nostrum, (Hamrick 1983, Mintzberg and McHugh 1985). This view holds that strategy drives structure, a strategic direction require the development of new market structure, effort and administrative mechanisms. Fig. 5 shows the corporate management spells out the mission and goals in which marketing strategy and plan are formulated after carefully evaluates the external and internal factors. Relatively, the quality of marketing strategy is definitely dependent of the marketing audit, in this case we can take as marketing research/marketing information sandwiched between the corporate mission and marketing strategy. Sharing the same view, (McDonald, 1995)s marketing planning process depicts below: According to him, marketing strategy is about the manipulation of 4 Ps Product, Price, Promotion and Place based on marketing theory (Structure, framework, models, etc.). These could include market research, market segmentation studies, response elasticities and the budgeting of resource allocation decision which may includes the distribution of people and money need to put marketing strategy into effect. (Lunn, 1986)s approach to database marketing (DBM) which allows market research data to be blended with the system database (derived from previous internal and external market research data) to enhance marketing information for predictive decision marketing by combining marketing managers intuitive skills. This would allows marketer to test the effect of difference marketing mixes on specific segments. In another words, positioning by creating an USP for target market defined by research. His marketing modelling is useful for the presentation of marketing research/marketing information defining the marketing strategy. One of the many such example is the success of General Motors innovative rebate programme which became an eye opener for company like Ford, Apple Computer, who follow similar program. Synthesising the concept of relationship marketing and the segmentation technique, General Motor groups customer by their purchasing level. Loyal, heavy and creditworthy users are being rewarded with free gifts, upgrades and allows accumulating rebates toward the purchase of new vehicles by tracking the researched database. The quality of this type of marketing information was confirmed with the result of 12 millions cards, (Berry, 1994) being issued in the United States. The strategic implicati on to this is the accuracy of GMs targeting which enables quality marketing strategy. Such are not possible without a quality marketing research, database system and the innovative use of interpreted information. 4.0 Power, politics and the dissemination of information There are many literatures elaborating power, politics and the dissemination of information which is centred to the quality of marketing strategy. However, what seems to be obscuring is its specific co-relation relative to marketing strategy. Let digress slightly to discuss these issues. Knowledge, derived from organised information, which in turn is interpreted from raw data, is power, (Francis Bacon, 1957). Building on this ground, (Emerson, 1962) espoused the beholder of knowledge is a powerful figure within the organisation. Further, (Piercy, 1985) argued and introduced the information-structure-power theory of marketing emphasising on the political aspect of information in the marketing environment. Such a view is compatible with (Bonoma, 1985)s claim that it is naÃÆ' ¯ve to belief that data, especially numerical data, are science-associated and therefore somehow purer than intuitions or qualitative statements. Adding he reiterated that there is nothing so politicised in management as the collection and use of quantitative information. Data or information in management, as in science is politicised, tortured, bent, and occasionally broken in the service of vested interests in the marketing organisation. For example, in my corporation, sales expense reports are put on hold by manager until call report are turned in at the end of every month. This is to use as a punitive mean to red-line salesmans moonlighting rather than use as a base for customer research or marketing intelligence gathering. There are also numerous cases, where divisional managers are under pressure to increase market share. These sales executives came up with a manipulated pricing plan of 30% increment in vo lume, supported by dressed marketing research information. What went conveniently unreported, however, was that the current fleet of equipment would be obsolete in a few month time; much earlier, because of the forced increased in capacity. One can imagine the future repercussion of having to fund the purchase of the new equipment which the top management is unaware of. In consistent with this, (Piercy, 1984) co-relates power and politics of marketing with marketing information seamlessly. He focuses on the implications for the management of marketing in organisations, where a political analysis suggests that the management of marketing should concentrate not only on techniques of marketing research or of rational, scientific decision making but also on structure and process, i.e on power and political systems, to influence and control outcomes. His works provide the empirical support that structures and decision making processes are frequently political in nature. Piercy builds on (Velasques and Cavanagh, 1983)s defense that politics in organisations are in someway bad in themselves, but in reality power goes to the politically able rather than others with more legitimate claims. This is due to organisational situation of high ambiguity relative to structure and process, as in the case of information gathering in strategic problem formulation, (L yles and Mitroff, 1984). For example, in the allocation of fund to even within the marketing department, top management may favours the lower level executives request for his endeavour due to him being a politically competent manager as against the request of the most effective superior with better marketing information supporting him. This is in reality possible as the strategic decision are often unstructured and broad in nature, (Hayes, 1984). With the awareness of the above, quality of marketing strategy is not narrow down to only quality information. What seems to define quality marketing strategy is the interconnectedness of power, politics which are structure and process related. 5.0 Quality Marketing Strategy and Corporate Strategy We have discussed marketing strategy with some reservations in section 3 on this paper. To further demonstrate the true meaning of quality marketing strategy we continue to elaborate more. (Levitt, 1960)s Marketing Myopia adds favour to it by arguing that customers buy solution to their needs, not products. A domestic example is our home grown Creativity Technology, a PC sound card maker is introducing new kit by solving customers upgrading problem by providing the next generation DVD solution, (Strait Times, 30th July 1997). Having all said and done about marketing strategy, then precisely what is quality marketing strategy? Robet Pirsigs Zen in his art of Motorcycle Maintenance provokes some unusual thinking. He do not use the term productivity in connection with marketing activities but prefers to use phrase like peace of mind and feeling good about the marketing actions undertaken. Pirsig would say that we move from being uncomfortably involved with what is going on to more comfort with events, people, and things by our acts. As we do this, we move toward Quality. In this view Quality is bred of caring, not just technical skill, and is the brother of involvement. Another school of thought came from (Gilbert,1978), who related quality with worthy performance, which he suggested, is associated with doing the most difficult thing best with the least effort. This, he said is measurable against the behaviour aspect which is difficult to qualify. (Bonoma, 1985) merges both concepts by using coping behaviour skill as a measure of output that meets Gilberts performance yardstick. Marketing effectiveness is then about managements coping quality and can be defined by referring to a comparison of achieved output with intended goals. We call this comparison satisfaction which is similar to Pirsig peace of mind and feel good about. Putting all these together, quality marketing strategy is about the triple interface of company, customer and trade. It is only achieved with satisfaction created with the least effort using coping skill to realise the intended goal. This leads us to (Skinner, 1969)s missing link which he suggests a kind of top-down approach, starting with the company and its competitive strategy, and its goal is to define tactical task (i.e marketing strategy) in support of the corporate strategy. In short, if marketing strategy defers from corporate strategy, it is not quality marketing strategy as it is not the intended goal of the corporation. We have discussed intensely that quality marketing strategy is not only about quality information as the latter is one of the many components that assist marketing decision-maker to be more effective. 6.0 Shortcomings of Marketing Research/Marketing Information On balance, not all marketing research/marketing information can help to define quality marketing strategy. These can be illustrated in the real-life examples that follows: In the early 1990s, American Express, decided to launch their resolving credit card, the Optima to compete with Visa and Master Card. In theory, the modelling of consumer profiles and credit histories from marketing research and datebase confirmed opportunities for new product line. It was a total failure with bad debts and American Express had to abandon this endeavour after 2 years. A postmortem analysis reveals (a case of reliable information yet inappropriate) although from same individuals, the various data was taken from the American Express card for corporate business travel expenses which are reclaimed or paid directly; whereas the Optima Card was used for personal expenses. Timely information is important in the defining of marketing strategy. (Stalk and Hout, 1990), in their espoused time to market strategy argues the reduction of time to gain significant competitive advantage. Collecting data requires time and too much of it may be resulted in redundancy and misinformation system, (Ackoff, 1967). This may also renders the firm to miss their market opportunity. A case in point is Levers introduction of Signal mouthwash. Signal was in the test markets for so long that it gave Scope a chance to emphasis the same benefit in a national advertising campaign and launch the new product successfully ahead of the originator. The starting point of the marketing research is to define the problem that researcher can help to solve. If the problem is defined wrongly, the result of the marketing research not only define sub-optimal marketing strategy but also lose the firms brand image which may takes years to recover or not at all. A classic example is that of Coca-Cola who focuses the wrong problem as the sweetness of Pepsi-Cola instead of the quantity. The ideal research should instead focus on the positioning of size rather than taste. This case illustrates how experienced marketer can overlook vital consumer behaviour and that the perception is stronger than reality Original Coke is the real thing. How can anything taste better than the real thing? In cases where requirement is to be entrepreneurial in nature, innovation, gut feeling and decisiveness (Drucker, 1986) may also has competitive advantage, without the need for marketing research. An example of the victory which does not belong to the side that does a better job of marketing research is American Motors. The company ignores customer needs develops the Jeep, a product borrowed from the military. No focus group is likely to have conjunct up that idea, nor is the identifying of customer need is going to have any co-relation with it, but it is a winner. 7.0 Conclusion A quality marketing research/marketing information involves the accuracy, relevancy, reliability, its time delaying elements and its cost attached with it. As traditional costing is about economic cost, a new look into the future (Farlan, 1984), involves the concern of forward looking marketing opportunity rather the present. This assignment has demonstrated other means of innovative concept such as strategic management cost encompassing the value chain analysis, cost driver analysis and competitive analysis as a better alternative evaluation of marketing research/marketing information investment. Concerns of quality marketing information is in the area of data analysis, data interpretation and decision usefulness to provide solution rather than the research and information per see. There are also two missing links from the input of marketing research to the output of quality marketing strategy. On one hand, the problem of information dissemination involving the power structure organisation. On the other, the alignment and co-ordination of corporate strategy and operations strategy (Skinner, 1969), in which marketing strategy and information system strategy becomes more blurry, (Earl, 1989, Ward, 1996). To a certain extent, technology can improve data analysis and assist the clumsiness of co-ordinating organisation, inter-organisation and external differences, but it is the innovative use of information (Keen, 1993) that put forward the marketing edge. Examples and solution to the opportunities and concerns are discussed and illustrated. In sum, strategically, in the context of marketing management, the quality of market research/marketing information related to marketing strategy narrowed to the outcome of new opportunities derived from fulfilling the perceived unfilled needs or problems of the customer. This should be done by offering creative product based on the researched information to provide benefit and solution to the end-user, the so-called marketing myopia by (Levitt, 1960) in their relationship with the market place and the relative worthiness involves the cost- and profit myopia, (Piercy, N., 1982) of the investment in their goal setting and strategic decision marking; to achieve what is required, they must also be wary of the missing links and political myopia; in implementing marketing strategies with regard to alignments and co-ordinations of the corporate strategy and the timely disseminating of information.